Islam

Examines Muhammad, the Qur’an, Hadith, Islamic doctrine, and whether Islam’s claims about Jesus, Scripture, prophecy, and final revelation hold up historically and theologically.

44 resources in this topic.

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Origins & History

15 resources

• Why Islam Is Not A Continuation of the Christian Apostolic Faith
• What Is Taqiyya? Does Islam Really Permit Muslims to Lie About Their Faith?
• Does Islam Teach Predestination or Free Will? Qadar, Ashʿarism, Maturidism, and Human Responsibility
• Is the Qur’an Created or Eternal? The Mihna and Islam’s Great Debate About God’s Speech
• Why Is Haman in Pharaoh’s Egypt? The Qur’an, Esther, and a Historical Puzzle
• Who Was Supposed to Succeed Muhammad? Abu Bakr, Ali, Saqifa, Ghadir Khumm, and the Sunni–Shia Divide
• Why Does the Qur’an Say the Jews Called Ezra the Son of God? Qur’an 9:30 and the Missing Historical Evidence
• Was the Kaaba Really Built by Abraham? Mecca, Ishmael, and the Historical Evidence
• Dhu al-Qarnayn and Alexander the Great: Does Qur’an 18 Echo the Syriac Alexander Legends?
• The Qur’an and Late Antique Legends: Where Do Its Extra-Biblical Stories Come From?
• The Earliest Islamic Sources: Qur’an, Sīra, Hadith, Inscriptions—and What Historians Can Know
• The Islamic Dilemma
• Sunni vs. Shia Islam
• Islam Denies the Cross. History Affirms It.
• A Scholarly Assessment of Islam's Claims to Divine Origin

Muhammad & Early Islam

12 resources

• Why Islam Is Not A Continuation of the Christian Apostolic Faith
• Banū Qurayẓa: Did Muhammad Approve the Execution of a Jewish Tribe’s Men?
• Mutʿa: Did Muhammad Permit Temporary Marriage? Why Sunni and Shia Islam Disagree
• Was Muhammad Sinless? ʿIṣma, Qur’anic Corrections of Muhammad, and the Development of Prophetic Impeccability
• Who Was Supposed to Succeed Muhammad? Abu Bakr, Ali, Saqifa, Ghadir Khumm, and the Sunni–Shia Divide
• What Is Jihad? Defensive War, Offensive War, Qur’an 9, and Classical Islamic Law
• Did Muhammad Perform Miracles? The Qur’an, the Splitting of the Moon, and Later Hadith
• Was the Kaaba Really Built by Abraham? Mecca, Ishmael, and the Historical Evidence
• The Satanic Verses in Early Islam: What Do the Earliest Reports Actually Say?
• Muhammad as the Moral Example? Warfare, Slavery, Concubinage, Marriage, and Prophetic Ethics
• Who Was Muhammad? What the Earliest Sources Actually Tell Us
• Is Qur’an 9:29 Extortion? Jizya, Jihad, and the Subjugation of Christians in Classical Islam

Qur’an & Hadith

28 resources

• Banū Qurayẓa: Did Muhammad Approve the Execution of a Jewish Tribe’s Men?
• What Is Taqiyya? Does Islam Really Permit Muslims to Lie About Their Faith?
• Mutʿa: Did Muhammad Permit Temporary Marriage? Why Sunni and Shia Islam Disagree
• Is the Qur’an Created or Eternal? The Mihna and Islam’s Great Debate About God’s Speech
• Why Is Haman in Pharaoh’s Egypt? The Qur’an, Esther, and a Historical Puzzle
• Can the Qur’an Alone Produce Islam? Prayer, Zakat, Hajj, Hadith, and the Authority of the Sunnah
• Was Muhammad Sinless? ʿIṣma, Qur’anic Corrections of Muhammad, and the Development of Prophetic Impeccability
• Where Is the Stoning Verse? Rajm, Qur’an 24:2, Hadith, and the Development of Islamic Law
• Why Does the Qur’an Say the Jews Called Ezra the Son of God? Qur’an 9:30 and the Missing Historical Evidence
• What Is Jihad? Defensive War, Offensive War, Qur’an 9, and Classical Islamic Law
• Does Qur’an 65:4 Permit Child Marriage? The Waiting Period for Girls Who Have Not Menstruated
• Does Qur’an 4:34 Permit Husbands to Strike Their Wives? What Wa-ḍribūhunna Actually Means
• Did Muhammad Perform Miracles? The Qur’an, the Splitting of the Moon, and Later Hadith
• Apostasy in Islam: Does ‘No Compulsion in Religion’ Fit Classical Islamic Law?
• Is the Qur’an Really Inimitable? The Challenge to Produce a Surah Like It
• Was the Kaaba Really Built by Abraham? Mecca, Ishmael, and the Historical Evidence
• The Satanic Verses in Early Islam: What Do the Earliest Reports Actually Say?
• How Does Islam Save You Without the Cross? Sin, Mercy, Works, Intercession, and Judgment
• Dhu al-Qarnayn and Alexander the Great: Does Qur’an 18 Echo the Syriac Alexander Legends?
• The Qur’an and Late Antique Legends: Where Do Its Extra-Biblical Stories Come From?
• Abrogation in the Qur’an: What Is Naskh, and Did Later Revelations Replace Earlier Ones?
• Did Uthman Standardize—and Destroy—Qur’anic Manuscripts?
• What Are the Qirāʾāt? The Different Readings of the Qur’an Explained
• Has the Qur’an Been Perfectly Preserved?
• Is Qur’an 9:29 Extortion? Jizya, Jihad, and the Subjugation of Christians in Classical Islam
• The Moon Split? A Historical Problem for Islam
• The Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring: Why Qur’an 18:86 Remains Controversial
• Qur’an 86:6–7 and the “Backbone and Ribs” Controversy

Allah, Trinity & Tawhid

3 resources

• Does Islam Teach Predestination or Free Will? Qadar, Ashʿarism, Maturidism, and Human Responsibility
• Is the Qur’an Created or Eternal? The Mihna and Islam’s Great Debate About God’s Speech
• Does the Qur’an Misunderstand the Trinity?

Jesus, Crucifixion & Resurrection

5 resources

• How Does Islam Save You Without the Cross? Sin, Mercy, Works, Intercession, and Judgment
• Was Jesus Really Crucified? Christianity, Islam, and the Historical Evidence
• Jesus in Christianity vs. Islam: Where the Two Faiths Agree—and Divide
• The Islamic Dilemma
• Islam Denies the Cross. History Affirms It.

Qur’an, Science & Miracle Claims

6 resources

• Did Muhammad Perform Miracles? The Qur’an, the Splitting of the Moon, and Later Hadith
• Is the Qur’an Really Inimitable? The Challenge to Produce a Surah Like It
• The Moon Split? A Historical Problem for Islam
• The Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring: Why Qur’an 18:86 Remains Controversial
• Qur’an 86:6–7 and the “Backbone and Ribs” Controversy
• Does the Qur’an Get Embryology Wrong?

Islamic Law & Ethics

14 resources

• Banū Qurayẓa: Did Muhammad Approve the Execution of a Jewish Tribe’s Men?
• What Is Taqiyya? Does Islam Really Permit Muslims to Lie About Their Faith?
• Mutʿa: Did Muhammad Permit Temporary Marriage? Why Sunni and Shia Islam Disagree
• Does Islam Teach Predestination or Free Will? Qadar, Ashʿarism, Maturidism, and Human Responsibility
• Can the Qur’an Alone Produce Islam? Prayer, Zakat, Hajj, Hadith, and the Authority of the Sunnah
• Where Is the Stoning Verse? Rajm, Qur’an 24:2, Hadith, and the Development of Islamic Law
• Who Was Supposed to Succeed Muhammad? Abu Bakr, Ali, Saqifa, Ghadir Khumm, and the Sunni–Shia Divide
• What Is Jihad? Defensive War, Offensive War, Qur’an 9, and Classical Islamic Law
• Does Qur’an 65:4 Permit Child Marriage? The Waiting Period for Girls Who Have Not Menstruated
• Does Qur’an 4:34 Permit Husbands to Strike Their Wives? What Wa-ḍribūhunna Actually Means
• Apostasy in Islam: Does ‘No Compulsion in Religion’ Fit Classical Islamic Law?
• Muhammad as the Moral Example? Warfare, Slavery, Concubinage, Marriage, and Prophetic Ethics
• Abrogation in the Qur’an: What Is Naskh, and Did Later Revelations Replace Earlier Ones?
• Is Qur’an 9:29 Extortion? Jizya, Jihad, and the Subjugation of Christians in Classical Islam

Islam vs Historic Christianity

17 resources

• Banū Qurayẓa: Did Muhammad Approve the Execution of a Jewish Tribe’s Men?
• What Is Taqiyya? Does Islam Really Permit Muslims to Lie About Their Faith?
• Mutʿa: Did Muhammad Permit Temporary Marriage? Why Sunni and Shia Islam Disagree
• Does Islam Teach Predestination or Free Will? Qadar, Ashʿarism, Maturidism, and Human Responsibility
• Is the Qur’an Created or Eternal? The Mihna and Islam’s Great Debate About God’s Speech
• Why Is Haman in Pharaoh’s Egypt? The Qur’an, Esther, and a Historical Puzzle
• Can the Qur’an Alone Produce Islam? Prayer, Zakat, Hajj, Hadith, and the Authority of the Sunnah
• Was Muhammad Sinless? ʿIṣma, Qur’anic Corrections of Muhammad, and the Development of Prophetic Impeccability
• Who Was Supposed to Succeed Muhammad? Abu Bakr, Ali, Saqifa, Ghadir Khumm, and the Sunni–Shia Divide
• Why Does the Qur’an Say the Jews Called Ezra the Son of God? Qur’an 9:30 and the Missing Historical Evidence
• Does Qur’an 65:4 Permit Child Marriage? The Waiting Period for Girls Who Have Not Menstruated
• Does Qur’an 4:34 Permit Husbands to Strike Their Wives? What Wa-ḍribūhunna Actually Means
• How Does Islam Save You Without the Cross? Sin, Mercy, Works, Intercession, and Judgment
• Is Muhammad Predicted in the Bible? Deuteronomy 18, Isaiah 42, and the Paraclete Examined
• Does the Qur’an Say the Bible Was Corrupted?
• The Islamic Dilemma
• Islam Denies the Cross. History Affirms It.