Bible topics

What does Scripture say about Scripture and its interpretation?

Leer en español

Holy Scripture is inspired by God and is the Church's supreme written witness to Christ. The Orthodox Church receives the Old Testament in the form the apostles largely used, the Greek Septuagint, including books Protestants call the Apocrypha, and reads the whole Bible within the Church, guided by the Holy Spirit, the Fathers and the councils. Protestant churches hold that Scripture is its own interpreter; this page shows the texts both sides rely on.

Inspired by God

All Scripture is God-breathed and profitable for teaching. Prophecy came as holy men "spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost".

14 But you remain in the things which you have learned and have been assured of, knowing from whom you have learned them. 15 From infancy, you have known the holy Scriptures which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus. 16 Every Scripture is God-breathed and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for instruction in righteousness, 17 that each person who belongs to God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work.
2 Timothy 3:14–17 (WEB)
19 We have the more sure word of prophecy; and you do well that you heed it as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star arises in your hearts, 20 knowing this first, that no prophecy of Scripture is of private interpretation. 21 For no prophecy ever came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke, being moved by the Holy Spirit.
2 Peter 1:19–21 (WEB)
4 For whatever things were written before were written for our learning, that through perseverance and through encouragement of the Scriptures we might have hope.
Romans 15:4 (WEB)
17 “Don’t think that I came to destroy the law or the prophets. I didn’t come to destroy, but to fulfill. 18 For most certainly, I tell you, until heaven and earth pass away, not even one smallest letter or one tiny pen stroke shall in any way pass away from the law, until all things are accomplished.
Matthew 5:17–18 (WEB)

Christ is the key

The risen Christ opens the Scriptures, showing "the things concerning himself" in Moses, the prophets and the psalms. The veil over the Old Testament is taken away in Christ.

25 He said to them, “Foolish people, and slow of heart to believe in all that the prophets have spoken! 26 Didn’t the Christ have to suffer these things and to enter into his glory?” 27 Beginning from Moses and from all the prophets, he explained to them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himself.
Luke 24:25–27 (WEB)
44 He said to them, “This is what I told you while I was still with you, that all things which are written in the law of Moses, the prophets, and the psalms concerning me must be fulfilled.” 45 Then he opened their minds, that they might understand the Scriptures. 46 He said to them, “Thus it is written, and thus it was necessary for the Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead the third day, 47 and that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his name to all the nations, beginning at Jerusalem.
Luke 24:44–47 (WEB)
39 “You search the Scriptures, because you think that in them you have eternal life; and these are they which testify about me. 40 Yet you will not come to me, that you may have life.
John 5:39–40 (WEB)
14 But their minds were hardened, for until this very day at the reading of the old covenant the same veil remains, because in Christ it passes away. 15 But to this day, when Moses is read, a veil lies on their heart. 16 But whenever someone turns to the Lord, the veil is taken away.
2 Corinthians 3:14–16 (WEB)

Read within the Church

"How can I, except some man should guide me?" asks the Ethiopian, and Peter warns that the unlearned twist Paul's letters. The Orthodox read Scripture with the mind of the Church, which St Vincent of Lérins summed up as what has been believed everywhere, always and by all.

30 Philip ran to him, and heard him reading Isaiah the prophet, and said, “Do you understand what you are reading?” 31 He said, “How can I, unless someone explains it to me?” He begged Philip to come up and sit with him. 32 Now the passage of the Scripture which he was reading was this, “He was led as a sheep to the slaughter. As a lamb before his shearer is silent, so he doesn’t open his mouth. 33 In his humiliation, his judgment was taken away. Who will declare His generation? For his life is taken from the earth.” 34 The eunuch answered Philip, “Who is the prophet talking about? About himself, or about someone else?” 35 Philip opened his mouth, and beginning from this Scripture, preached to him about Jesus.
Acts 8:30–35 (WEB)
20 knowing this first, that no prophecy of Scripture is of private interpretation.
2 Peter 1:20 (WEB)
15 Regard the patience of our Lord as salvation; even as our beloved brother Paul also, according to the wisdom given to him, wrote to you, 16 as also in all of his letters, speaking in them of these things. In those, there are some things that are hard to understand, which the ignorant and unsettled twist, as they also do to the other Scriptures, to their own destruction.
2 Peter 3:15–16 (WEB)
7 And Jesus and Banaias and Sarabias instructed the people in the law, and the people [stood] in their place. 8 And they read in the book of the law of God, and Esdras taught, and instructed them distinctly in the knowledge of the Lord, and the people understood [the law] in the reading.
Nehemiah 8:7–8 (Brenton)
15 but if I wait long, that you may know how men ought to behave themselves in God’s house, which is the assembly of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth.
1 Timothy 3:15 (WEB)

The Septuagint and the wider canon

Several New Testament quotations follow the Greek Septuagint where it differs from the Hebrew, as in Hebrews 10:5 ("a body hast thou prepared me"). The Orthodox Old Testament includes books such as Wisdom, Sirach, Tobit and the Maccabees. St Athanasius placed some of them among books "to be read" outside his canon list. The Council in Trullo (692, canon 2) ratified earlier canons whose lists differ, among them Apostolic Canon 85 (three books of Maccabees, with Sirach commended) and Carthage (five books of Solomon, Tobit, Judith, two of Maccabees), without fixing a single list, and the Synod of Jerusalem (1672) called these books genuine parts of Scripture. Their exact standing has been discussed in the East, but the Church reads them in her worship as Scripture.

5 Therefore when he comes into the world, he says, “You didn’t desire sacrifice and offering, but you prepared a body for me. 6 You had no pleasure in whole burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin. 7 Then I said, ‘Behold, I have come (in the scroll of the book it is written of me) to do your will, O God.’”
Hebrews 10:5–7 (WEB)
7 Sacrifice and offering thou wouldest not; but a body hast thou prepared me: whole-burnt-offering and [sacrifice] for sin thou didst not require. 8 Then I said, Behold, I come: in the volume of the book it is written concerning me, 9 I desired to do thy will, O my God, and thy law in the midst of mine heart.
Psalm 40:6–8 (Brenton)
23 “Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall give birth to a son. They shall call his name Immanuel,” which is, being interpreted, “God with us.”
Matthew 1:23 (WEB)
16 ‘After these things I will return. I will again build the tabernacle of David, which has fallen. I will again build its ruins. I will set it up 17 that the rest of men may seek after the Lord: all the Gentiles who are called by my name, says the Lord, who does all these things.’
Acts 15:16–17 (WEB)
11 In that day I will raise up the tabernacle of David that is fallen, and will rebuild the ruins of it, and will set up the parts thereof that have been broken down, and will build it up as in the ancient days: 12 that the remnant of men, and all the Gentiles upon whom my name is called, may earnestly seek [me], saith the Lord who does all these things.
Amos 9:11–12 (Brenton)
12 Therefore let us lie in wait for the righteous; because he is not for our turn, and he is clean contrary to our doings: he upbraideth us with our offending the law, and objecteth to our infamy the transgressings of our education. 13 He professeth to have the knowledge of God: and he calleth himself the child of the Lord. 14 He was made to reprove our thoughts. 15 He is grievous unto us even to behold: for his life is not like other men's, his ways are of another fashion. 16 We are esteemed of him as counterfeits: he abstaineth from our ways as from filthiness: he pronounceth the end of the just to be blessed, and maketh his boast that God is his father. 17 Let us see if his words be true: and let us prove what shall happen in the end of him. 18 For if the just man be the son of God, he will help him, and deliver him from the hand of his enemies. 19 Let us examine him with despitefulness and torture, that we may know his meekness, and prove his patience. 20 Let us condemn him with a shameful death: for by his own saying he shall be respected.
Wisdom of Solomon 2:12–20 (Brenton)

Scripture alone? The Protestant reading

Reformed confessions (for example the Westminster Confession 1.9) teach that the infallible rule of interpreting Scripture is Scripture itself, and Protestants often point to the Bereans who searched the Scriptures. The Orthodox agree that nothing may contradict Scripture, but note that the Bereans searched the Scriptures to test the apostles' oral preaching, and that the canon itself was recognised by the Church.

16 Every Scripture is God-breathed and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for instruction in righteousness, 17 that each person who belongs to God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work.
2 Timothy 3:16–17 (WEB)
11 Now these were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, examining the Scriptures daily to see whether these things were so.
Acts 17:11 (WEB)
20 For he has given the law for a help, that they should not speak according to this word, concerning which there are no gifts to give for it.
Isaiah 8:20 (Brenton)
8 But even though we, or an angel from heaven, should preach to you any “good news” other than that which we preached to you, let him be cursed. 9 As we have said before, so I now say again: if any man preaches to you any “good news” other than that which you received, let him be cursed.
Galatians 1:8–9 (WEB)

The Fathers

Related articles

Sources

  1. The Orthodox Faith, Vol. I: Interpretation (Orthodox Church in America) — Orthodox principles of interpreting the Bible within the Church.
  2. The Orthodox Faith, Vol. I: Bible (Orthodox Church in America) — The Bible as the primary source of Christian doctrine within Tradition.
  3. Westminster Confession of Faith (Orthodox Presbyterian Church edition) — Reformed Protestant statements cited for fairness: 1.6 and 1.9 (Scripture), 11.2 (faith the alone instrument of justification, yet never alone), 21.7 (the Lord's day as the Christian Sabbath).
  4. The Apostolic Canons, canon 85 (NPNF2 vol. 14, New Advent) — Canon list naming three books of Maccabees and commending Sirach.
  5. Council in Trullo (692), canon 2 (NPNF2 vol. 14, New Advent) — Ratifies the Apostolic Canons and the canons of Laodicea, Carthage, Athanasius and others.
  6. Council of Carthage (419), canon 24 (NPNF2 vol. 14, New Advent) — Canon list including five books of Solomon, Tobit, Judith and two books of Maccabees.
  7. Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672), Question 3 (J. N. W. B. Robertson translation, crivoice.org) — Calls Wisdom, Judith, Tobit, Maccabees, Sirach and others genuine parts of Scripture.

Updated 2026-10-18