Ester · Biblia en eslavo eclesiástico (Biblia de Isabel)
Ester 1 Biblia en eslavo eclesiástico (Biblia de Isabel)
Audio: Reina-Valera Antigua (RVA), leído por Joyfull · Sobre las grabaciones
Notas sobre este texto (3)
- As in the Slavonic Bible, Esther includes the Greek additions within its ten chapters, and Daniel includes the Song of the Three Young Men (3:24–90), Susanna (chapter 13) and Bel and the Dragon (chapter 14); Psalm 151 follows Psalm 150.
- Church Slavonic in its traditional (Synodal) spelling, with accents, breathings and titlo abbreviations, shown in the Ponomar font (SIL Open Font License).
- Exodus 36–39 follow the Septuagint's order; the digital source has no verse divisions there, so Exodus 36:8–end and chapters 37, 38 and 39 each appear as one block.
Slavonic Biblia en eslavo eclesiástico (Biblia de Isabel)
RV1909 Reina-Valera 1909
WEB World English Bible (clásica, con deuterocanónicos)
1 Въ лѣ́то второ́е ца́рства а҆ртаѯе́рѯа вели́кагѡ, въ пе́рвый де́нь мцⷭ҇а нїса́на, со́нъ ви́дѣ мардохе́й сы́нъ і҆аі́ровъ, семе́евъ, кїсе́евъ, ѿ пле́мене венїамі́нѧ, человѣ́къ і҆ꙋде́анинъ, ѡ҆бита́ѧй въ сꙋ́сѣхъ гра́дѣ, человѣ́къ вели́къ, слꙋжа̀ во дворѣ̀ царе́вѣ: бѣ́ же ѿ плѣне́нныхъ, и҆̀хже плѣнѝ навꙋходоно́соръ ца́рь вавѷлѡ́нскїй ѿ і҆ерⷭ҇ли́ма, со і҆ехоні́ею царе́мъ і҆ꙋде́йскимъ. И҆ сицево̀ є҆гѡ̀ со́нїе: и҆ сѐ, гла́съ ᲂу҆жа́сный, гро́ми и҆ трꙋ́съ и҆ смѧте́нїе на землѝ: и҆ сѐ, два̀ ѕмі̑а вели̑ка произыдо́ста, готѡ́ва ѻ҆́ба междꙋ̀ собо́ю бра́тисѧ, и҆ бы́сть гла́съ и҆́хъ вели́къ, и҆ гла́сомъ и҆́хъ ᲂу҆гото́васѧ всѧ́къ ꙗ҆зы́къ на бра́нь, да и҆стребѧ́тъ ꙗ҆зы́къ првⷣныхъ: и҆ сѐ, де́нь тьмы̀ и҆ мра́ка, ско́рбь и҆ тѣснота̀, и҆ ѡ҆ѕлобле́нїе и҆ смѧте́нїе ве́лїе на землѝ, и҆ возмꙋти́сѧ всѧ́къ ꙗ҆зы́къ првⷣнъ, боѧ́щесѧ ѕло́бы и҆́хъ, и҆ ᲂу҆гото́вашасѧ на поги́бель, и҆ возопи́ша ко гдⷭ҇ꙋ: ѿ во́плѧ же и҆́хъ бы́сть а҆́ки ѿ ма́лагѡ и҆сто́чника рѣка̀ ве́лїѧ, вода̀ мно́га: и҆ свѣ́тъ и҆ со́лнце возсїѧ̀, и҆ смире́ннїи вознесо́шасѧ и҆ поѧдо́ша сла́вныхъ. И҆ возбнꙋ́въ мардохе́й ви́дѣвый со́нїе сїѐ, и҆ є҆́же бг҃ъ восхотѣ̀ сотвори́ти, содержа́ше со́нїе сїѐ въ се́рдцы, и҆ во всѧ́цѣмъ словесѝ хотѧ́ше разꙋмѣ́ти є҆̀ да́же до но́щи. И҆ пребыва́ше мардохе́й во дворѣ̀ со гава́ѳомъ и҆ ѳа́рромъ двѣма̀ є҆ѵнꙋ́хома царе́выма, и҆̀же стрежа́ста дво́ръ: и҆ слы́ша разглагѡ́льствїѧ и҆́хъ, и҆ совѣ́ты и҆́хъ и҆спыта̀, и҆ разꙋмѣ̀, ꙗ҆́кѡ гото́вѧтъ рꙋ́цѣ своѝ возложи́ти на царѧ̀ а҆ртаѯе́рѯа: и҆ сказа̀ царю̀ ѡ҆ ни́хъ. И҆ и҆спыта̀ ца́рь двꙋ̀ є҆ѵнꙋ̑хꙋ своє́ю, и҆ и҆сповѣ̑давша повѣ̑шена бы́ста. И҆ написа̀ ца́рь словеса̀ сїѧ̑ на па́мѧть, и҆ мардохе́й написа̀ ѡ҆ словесѣ́хъ си́хъ. И҆ повелѣ̀ ца́рь мардохе́ю слꙋжи́ти во дворѣ̀ и҆ дадѐ є҆мꙋ̀ да́ры за сїѐ. И҆ бѣ̀ а҆ма́нъ а҆мада́ѳовъ вꙋге́анинъ сла́венъ пред̾ царе́мъ и҆ восхотѣ̀ ѡ҆ѕло́бити мардохе́а и҆ люді́й є҆гѡ̀ двꙋ̀ ра́ди є҆ѵнꙋ̑хꙋ царє́вꙋ. И҆ бы́сть по словесѣ́хъ си́хъ во дне́хъ а҆ртаѯе́рѯа: се́й а҆ртаѯе́рѯъ ѿ і҆нді́и ѡ҆блада́ше сто̀ два́десѧть седмїю̀ страна́ми (да́же до є҆ѳїо́пїи):
1 Y ACONTECIÓ en los días de Assuero, (el Assuero que reinó desde la India hasta la Etiopía sobre ciento veinte y siete provincias,)
1 Now in the days of Ahasuerus (this is Ahasuerus who reigned from India even to Ethiopia, over one hundred twenty-seven provinces),
2 во дни̑ же ты̑ѧ, є҆гда̀ сѣ́де на престо́лѣ ца́рь а҆ртаѯе́рѯъ въ сꙋ́сѣхъ гра́дѣ,
2 Que en aquellos días, asentado que fué el rey Assuero en la silla de su reino, la cual estaba en Susán capital del reino,
2 in those days, when the King Ahasuerus sat on the throne of his kingdom, which was in Susa the palace,
3 въ тре́тїе лѣ́то ца́рства своегѡ̀, сотворѝ пи́ръ дрꙋгѡ́мъ и҆ про́чымъ ꙗ҆зы́кѡмъ, и҆ пє́рсскимъ и҆ ми̑дскимъ сла̑внымъ, и҆ нача̑льнымъ сатра́пѡмъ,
3 En el tercer año de su reinado hizo banquete á todos sus príncipes y siervos, teniendo delante de él la fuerza de Persia y de Media, gobernadores y príncipes de provincias,
3 in the third year of his reign, he made a feast for all his princes and his servants; the army of Persia and Media, the nobles and princes of the provinces being before him.
4 и҆ по си́хъ, є҆гда̀ показа̀ и҆̀мъ бога́тство ца́рства своегѡ̀ и҆ сла́вꙋ весе́лїѧ своегѡ̀, во сто̀ ѻ҆́смьдесѧтъ дні́й.
4 Para mostrar él las riquezas de la gloria de su reino, y el lustre de la magnificencia de su poder, por muchos días, ciento y ochenta días.
4 He displayed the riches of his glorious kingdom and the honor of his excellent majesty many days, even one hundred eighty days.
5 И҆ є҆гда̀ и҆спо́лнишасѧ дні́е пи́ра, сотворѝ ца́рь пи́ршество ꙗ҆зы́кѡмъ ѡ҆брѣ́тшымсѧ во гра́дѣ (сꙋ́сѣхъ) на дні́й ше́сть во дворѣ̀ до́мꙋ царе́ва,
5 Y cumplidos estos días, hizo el rey banquete por siete días en el patio del huerto del palacio real á todo el pueblo, desde el mayor hasta el menor que se halló en Susán capital del reino.
5 When these days were fulfilled, the king made a seven day feast for all the people who were present in Susa the palace, both great and small, in the court of the garden of the king’s palace.
6 ᲂу҆кра́шеннѣмъ вѷссо́нными и҆ зеле́ными завѣ́сами, просте́ртыми на ᲂу҆́жахъ вѷссо́нныхъ и҆ червлени́чныхъ, на ко́льцахъ златы́хъ и҆ сре́брѧныхъ, на столпѣ́хъ мра́морныхъ и҆ ка́менныхъ:
6 [El pabellón era de] blanco, verde, y cárdeno, tendido sobre cuerdas de lino y púrpura en sortijas de plata y columnas de mármol: los reclinatorios de oro y de plata, sobre losado de pórfido y de mármol, y de alabastro y de jacinto.
6 There were hangings of white and blue material, fastened with cords of fine linen and purple to silver rings and marble pillars. The couches were of gold and silver, on a pavement of red, white, yellow, and black marble.
7 лѡ́жа зла̑та и҆ срє́брѧна, на помо́стѣ ка́мене смара́гдова, и҆ пїнні́нска и҆ парі́нска мра́мора, и҆ плащани̑цы пестрота́ми разли́чными расцвѣ́чєны, ѡ҆́крестъ шипцы̀ разсѣ́ѧни:
7 Y daban á beber en vasos de oro, y vasos diferentes unos de otros, y mucho vino real, conforme á la facultad del rey.
7 They gave them drinks in golden vessels of various kinds, including royal wine in abundance, according to the bounty of the king.
8 сосꙋ́ди зла́ти и҆ сре́брѧни, и҆ ча́ша а҆нѳра́ѯа (ка́мене) предложе́ннаѧ, цѣно́ю тала̑нтъ три́десѧть ты́сѧщъ: вїно̀ мно́го и҆ сла́дко, є҆́же са́мъ ца́рь пїѧ́ше: питїе́ же сїѐ не по ᲂу҆ста́вленномꙋ зако́нꙋ бы́сть, та́кѡ бо восхотѣ̀ ца́рь и҆ заповѣ́да і҆коно́мѡмъ сотвори́ти во́лю свою̀ и҆ мꙋже́й.
8 Y la bebida fué según esta ley: Que nadie constriñese; porque así lo había mandado el rey á todos los mayordomos de su casa; que se hiciese según la voluntad de cada uno.
8 In accordance with the law, the drinking was not compulsory; for so the king had instructed all the officials of his house, that they should do according to every man’s pleasure.
9 И҆ а҆сті́нь цари́ца сотворѝ пи́ръ жена́мъ въ домꙋ̀ царе́вѣ, и҆дѣ́же ца́рь а҆ртаѯе́рѯъ.
9 Asimismo la reina Vasthi hizo banquete de mujeres, en la casa real del rey Assuero.
9 Also Vashti the queen made a feast for the women in the royal house which belonged to King Ahasuerus.
10 Въ де́нь же седмы́й развесели́всѧ ца́рь, речѐ а҆ма́нꙋ и҆ ваза́нꙋ, и҆ ѳа́ррѣ и҆ вара́зꙋ, и҆ заѳолѳа́нꙋ и҆ а҆вата́зꙋ и҆ ѳара́вꙋ, седми́мъ є҆ѵнꙋ́хѡмъ, и҆̀же слꙋжа́хꙋ пред̾ царе́мъ а҆ртаѯе́рѯомъ,
10 El séptimo día, estando el corazón del rey alegre del vino, mandó á Mehumán, y á Biztha, y á Harbona, y á Bigtha, y á Abagtha, y á Zetar, y á Carcas, siete eunucos que servían delante del rey Assuero,
10 On the seventh day, when the heart of the king was merry with wine, he commanded Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha, and Abagtha, Zethar, and Carcass, the seven eunuchs who served in the presence of Ahasuerus the king,
11 привестѝ (а҆сті́нь) цари́цꙋ пред̾ него̀, є҆́же воцари́ти ю҆̀ и҆ возложи́ти на ню̀ вѣне́цъ ца́рскїй и҆ показа́ти ю҆̀ всѣ̑мъ нача́льствꙋющымъ и҆ ꙗ҆зы́кѡмъ красотꙋ̀ є҆ѧ̀, занѐ прекра́сна бѣ̀.
11 Que trajesen á la reina Vasthi delante del rey con la corona regia, para mostrar á los pueblos y á los príncipes su hermosura; porque era linda de aspecto.
11 to bring Vashti the queen before the king wearing the royal crown, to show the people and the princes her beauty; for she was beautiful.
12 И҆ не послꙋ́ша є҆гѡ̀ а҆сті́нь цари́ца прїитѝ со є҆ѵнꙋ̑хи.
12 Mas la reina Vasthi no quiso comparecer á la orden del rey, [enviada] por mano de los eunucos; y enojóse el rey muy mucho, y encendióse en él su ira.
12 But the queen Vashti refused to come at the king’s commandment by the eunuchs. Therefore the king was very angry, and his anger burned in him.
13 И҆ ѡ҆печа́лисѧ ца́рь, и҆ разгнѣ́васѧ, и҆ речѐ бли̑жнимъ свои̑мъ: си́це речѐ а҆сті́нь: сотвори́те ᲂу҆̀бо ѡ҆ се́мъ зако́нъ и҆ сꙋ́дъ.
13 Preguntó entonces el rey á los sabios que sabían los tiempos, (porque así era la costumbre del rey para con todos los que sabían la ley y el derecho;
13 Then the king said to the wise men, who knew the times (for it was the king’s custom to consult those who knew law and judgment;
14 И҆ пристꙋпи́ша къ немꙋ̀ а҆ркесе́й и҆ сарсоѳе́й и҆ малисеа́ръ, нача̑льницы пе́рсстїи и҆ ми́дстїи, и҆̀же бли́з̾ царѧ̀, пе́рвїи сѣдѧ́щїи при царѝ,
14 Y estaban junto á él, Carsena, y Sethar, y Admatha, y Tharsis, y Meres, y Marsena, y Memucán, siete príncipes de Persia y de Media que veían la cara del rey, y se sentaban los primeros del reino:)
14 and next to him were Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena, and Memucan, the seven princes of Persia and Media, who saw the king’s face, and sat first in the kingdom),
15 и҆ возвѣсти́ша є҆мꙋ̀ по зако́нѡмъ, ка́кѡ подоба́етъ сотвори́ти цари́цѣ а҆сті́ни, ꙗ҆́кѡ не сотворѝ повелѣ́нныхъ ѿ царѧ̀ чрез̾ є҆ѵнꙋ́хи.
15 Qué se había de hacer según la ley con la reina Vasthi, por cuanto no había cumplido la orden del rey Assuero, [enviada] por mano de los eunucos.
15 “What shall we do to Queen Vashti according to law, because she has not done the bidding of the King Ahasuerus by the eunuchs?”
16 И҆ речѐ мꙋхе́й ко царю̀ и҆ къ болѧ́рѡмъ: не царѧ̀ є҆ди́наго ѡ҆би́дѣ а҆сті́нь цари́ца, но и҆ всѧ̑ кнѧ̑зи и҆ нача́льники царє́вы,
16 Y dijo Memucán delante del rey y de los príncipes: No solamente contra el rey ha pecado la reina Vasthi, sino contra todos los príncipes, y contra todos los pueblos que hay en todas las provincias del rey Assuero.
16 Memucan answered before the king and the princes, “Vashti the queen has not done wrong to just the king, but also to all the princes, and to all the people who are in all the provinces of the King Ahasuerus.
17 и҆́бо повѣ́да и҆̀мъ словеса̀ цари́цы, и҆ ка́кѡ противоречѐ царю̀:
17 Porque este hecho de la reina pasará á noticia de todas las mujeres, para hacerles tener en poca estima á sus maridos, diciendo: El rey Assuero mandó traer delante de sí á la reina Vasthi, y ella no vino.
17 For this deed of the queen will become known to all women, causing them to show contempt for their husbands when it is reported, ‘King Ahasuerus commanded Vashti the queen to be brought in before him, but she didn’t come.’
18 ꙗ҆́коже ᲂу҆́бѡ проти́внѡ речѐ царю̀ а҆ртаѯе́рѯꙋ, си́це и҆ дне́сь госпѡжѝ жєны̀ про́чыѧ кнѧзе́й пе́рсскихъ и҆ ми́дскихъ, ᲂу҆слы́шавшѧ царю̀ речє́ннаѧ ѿ неѧ̀, дерзнꙋ́тъ та́кожде безче́ствовати мꙋже́и свои́хъ:
18 Y entonces dirán [esto] las señoras de Persia y de Media que oyeren el hecho de la reina, á todos los príncipes del rey: y [habrá] mucho menosprecio y enojo.
18 Today, the princesses of Persia and Media who have heard of the queen’s deed will tell all the king’s princes. This will cause much contempt and wrath.
19 а҆́ще ᲂу҆̀бо ᲂу҆го́дно царю̀, да повели́тъ ца́рскимъ повелѣ́нїемъ, и҆ да напи́шетсѧ по зако́нѡмъ ми̑дскимъ и҆ пє́рсскимъ, и҆ и҆́накѡ да не бꙋ́детъ, нижѐ да вни́детъ ктомꙋ̀ цари́ца къ немꙋ̀, и҆ ца́рство є҆ѧ̀ да преда́стъ ца́рь женѣ̀ лꙋ́чшей є҆ѧ̀:
19 Si parece bien al rey, salga mandamiento real delante de él, y escríbase entre las leyes de Persia y de Media, y no sea traspasado: Que no venga más Vasthi delante del rey Assuero: y dé el rey su reino á su compañera que sea mejor que ella.
19 “If it pleases the king, let a royal commandment go from him, and let it be written among the laws of the Persians and the Medes, so that it cannot be altered, that Vashti may never again come before King Ahasuerus; and let the king give her royal estate to another who is better than she.
20 и҆ да бꙋ́детъ ᲂу҆слы́шанъ зако́нъ, и҆́же ѿ царѧ̀, є҆го́же сотвори́тъ во ца́рствїи свое́мъ, и҆ си́це всѧ̑ жєны̀ возложа́тъ че́сть на мꙋ́жы своѧ̑ ѿ бога́та да́же до ᲂу҆бо́га.
20 Y el mandamiento que hará el rey será oído en todo su reino, aunque es grande, y todas las mujeres darán honra á sus maridos, desde el mayor hasta el menor.
20 When the king’s decree which he shall make is published throughout all his kingdom (for it is great), all the wives will give their husbands honor, both great and small.”
21 И҆ ᲂу҆го́дно бы́сть сло́во пред̾ царе́мъ и҆ нача̑льники, и҆ сотворѝ ца́рь, ꙗ҆́коже речѐ є҆мꙋ̀ мꙋхе́й,
21 Y plugo esta palabra en ojos del rey y de los príncipes, é hizo el rey conforme al dicho de Memucán;
21 This advice pleased the king and the princes, and the king did according to the word of Memucan:
22 и҆ посла̀ ца́рь кни̑ги во всѐ ца́рство по страна́мъ по ѧ҆зы́кꙋ и҆́хъ, да бꙋ́детъ стра́хъ и҆̀мъ въ жили́щихъ и҆́хъ.
22 Pues envió letras á todas las provincias del rey, á cada provincia conforme á su escribir, y á cada pueblo conforme á su lenguaje, [diciendo] que todo hombre fuese señor en su casa; y háblese esto según la lengua de su pueblo.
22 for he sent letters into all the king’s provinces, into every province according to its writing, and to every people in their language, that every man should rule his own house, speaking in the language of his own people.
Personas y lugares de este capítulo
Del árbol genealógico y los mapas bíblicos de este sitio (en inglés), solo donde esas guías citan este capítulo.
Personas
Abagtha
One of the seven eunuchs who served the king and were sent to bring Queen Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:10
Admatha
One of the seven princes of Persia and Media who had personal access to the king and advised him on Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:14
Bigtha
One of the seven eunuchs who served the king and were sent to bring Queen Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:10
Biztha
One of the seven eunuchs who served the king and were sent to bring Queen Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:10
Carkas
One of the seven eunuchs who served the king and were sent to bring Queen Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:10
Carshena
One of the seven princes of Persia and Media who had personal access to the king and advised him on Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:14
Harbona
One of the seven eunuchs who served the king and were sent to bring Queen Vashti. A eunuch Harbonah later tells the king of the gallows Haman built for Mordecai, and Haman is…
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:10; Esther 7:9
Marsena
One of the seven princes of Persia and Media who had personal access to the king and advised him on Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:14
Mehuman
One of the seven eunuchs who served the king and were sent to bring Queen Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:10
Memucan
One of the seven princes who advised the king; he spoke for them in urging that Vashti be banished, and the king followed his counsel.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:14; Esther 1:16; Esther 1:21
Meres
One of the seven princes of Persia and Media who had personal access to the king and advised him on Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:14
Shethar
One of the seven princes of Persia and Media who had personal access to the king and advised him on Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:14
Tarshish
One of the seven princes of Persia and Media who had personal access to the king and advised him on Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:14
Vashti
Queen who gave a banquet for the women but refused the king’s command to appear before his guests; she was banished from the king’s presence by royal decree and replaced by Esther.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:9; Esther 1:12; Esther 1:19
Xerxes
King who reigned over 127 provinces from Susa; he deposed Vashti, made Esther queen, honored Mordecai, hanged Haman and allowed the Jews to defend themselves. Ezra 4:6 mentions an…
Citado en la guía: Ezra 4:6; Esther 1:1; Esther 2:16
Zethar
One of the seven eunuchs who served the king and were sent to bring Queen Vashti.
Citado en la guía: Esther 1:10
Referencias cruzadas (22)
Pasajes relacionados con cada versículo, del Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, tal como los reúnen y ordenan los lectores de OpenBible.info.
- 1 Daniel 9:1; Esdras 4:6; Ester 8:9; Ester 9:30; Daniel 6:1
- 2 Nehemías 1:1; 2 Samuel 7:1; Daniel 8:2; 1 Reyes 1:46; Ester 2:3
- 3 Marcos 6:21; Ester 2:18; Daniel 5:1; 1 Reyes 3:15; Isaías 21:2
- 4 Job 40:10; Colosenses 1:27; Daniel 4:30; 1 Crónicas 29:25; Salmo 93:1
- 5 Ester 7:7–8; 2 Crónicas 30:21–25; 2 Crónicas 7:8–9
- 6 Amós 6:4; Ezequiel 23:41; Amós 2:8; Ester 7:8; Ester 8:15
- 7 Daniel 5:2–4; 1 Reyes 10:21; 2 Crónicas 9:20; Ester 2:18
- 8 Habacuc 2:15–16; Jeremías 51:7; Jeremías 35:8
- 9 Ester 5:4; Ester 5:8
- 10 Ester 7:9; Jueces 16:25; 2 Samuel 13:28; Eclesiastés 7:2–4; Proverbios 20:1
- 11 Proverbios 31:30; Marcos 6:21–22; Proverbios 16:9; 2 Samuel 14:25; 1 Samuel 25:3
- 12 Proverbios 19:12; 1 Pedro 3:1; Proverbios 20:2; Deuteronomio 29:20; Éxodo 32:22
- 13 1 Crónicas 12:32; Daniel 2:2; Jeremías 10:7; Mateo 16:3; Daniel 2:12
- 14 2 Reyes 25:19; Mateo 18:10; Esdras 7:14; Apocalipsis 22:4
- 15 Ester 6:6
- 16 1 Corintios 6:7–8; Hechos 25:10; Hechos 18:14
- 17 Efesios 5:33; 2 Samuel 6:16
- 18 Jueces 5:29; 1 Reyes 11:3
- 19 1 Samuel 15:28; Ester 8:8; Ester 3:9; Daniel 6:8–15; Daniel 6:17
- 20 Colosenses 3:18; Efesios 5:22; 1 Pedro 3:1–7; Efesios 5:33; Deuteronomio 21:21
- 21 Ester 2:4; Génesis 41:37; Ester 1:19
- 22 Ester 8:9; Ester 3:12; Efesios 5:22–24; 1 Timoteo 2:12; Daniel 4:1
Referencias cruzadas: OpenBible.info (CC BY), tomadas sobre todo del Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (dominio público). · Fuentes y licencias